Fruit formation in the absence of fertilisation

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a pepper plant showing the trait fruit formation in the absence of fertilisation wherein said trait is obtainable by introgression from a plant grown from seed that was deposited with the NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680, or NCIMB 41684. The invention further relates to progeny of the plant, propagation material for producing the plant, to fruits of the plant and to a food product comprising the fruit or parts thereof.

RELATED APPLICATIONS AND INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/774,622 filed Feb. 22, 2013, which is a continuation-in-partapplication of International Patent Application Serial No.PCT/NL2011/050890 filed Dec. 22, 2011, which published as PCTPublication No. WO 2012/087140 on Jun. 28, 2012, which claims benefit ofNL patent application Serial No. 2005908 filed Dec. 22, 2010.

The foregoing applications, and all documents cited therein or duringtheir prosecution (“appin cited documents”) and all documents cited orreferenced in the appin cited documents, and all documents cited orreferenced herein (“herein cited documents”), and all documents cited orreferenced in herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer'sinstructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheetsfor any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated byreference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and maybe employed in the practice of the invention. More specifically, allreferenced documents are incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual document was specifically and individually indicatedto be incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to plants and plant parts, in particular fruityvegetables, which are altered with respect to their mode of fruitformation. More in particular, this invention relates to pepper plantsthat show fruit formation in the absence of fertilisation. This mode offruit formation is often referred to as parthenocarpy and the fruits arecalled parthenocarpic fruits. The invention also relates to seeds ofthese plants capable of producing parthenocarpic fruits. The inventionfurther relates to methods for obtaining said plants with alteredgenotypes and seeds thereof, which show fruit formation in the absenceof fertilisation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Breeding of fruity vegetables like peppers aims at the production ofcommercial varieties optimally adapted to a professional productionenvironment in order to produce marketable products. Manycharacteristics need to be taken into account during selection whichrelate to both input and output traits. One of the very important traitsin this respect relates to fruit set, in particular to fruit set underunfavourable environmental conditions such as high or low temperaturesand drought. Such conditions can be detrimental for normal pollinationand thereby fertilisation, which leads to poor fruit set and as aconsequence yield loss. When fruit formation in the absence offertilisation or parthenocarpy can be harnessed as a trait, it is animportant characteristic that can significantly contribute to aneconomically more efficient production of pepper fruits for severalreasons.

In addition to contributing to harvest security, parthenocarpy is alsoimportant for fruit quality. Blossom-end rot (BER) is a physiologicaldisorder caused by a local calcium deficiency during the initial stageof fruit development. BER is of economic importance since it causes highyield losses in pepper. The occurrence of BER is strongly correlatedwith a high initial growth rate, but also with the number of seeds in afruit. Parthenocarpic peppers are reported to be less susceptible to BERsince they do not contain any seeds (Heuvelink and Körner; Annals ofBotany 88: 69-74, 2001).

Furthermore, industrial or domestic applications which require seedremoval from the fruits can benefit strongly from parthenocarpy. In thefood processing industry seeds are usually removed by washing the seedsaway with water. Since this step is redundant for the processing ofparthenocarpic peppers there are less processing costs involved. Alsofor domestic applications parthenocarpic fruits have advantages overseeded fruits, because it is easier for consumers to process the fruitsdue to the absence of seeds.

The formation of fruits in the absence of fertilisation gives rise tothe possibility to combine this character with a genetic source of malesterility, in particular GMS (Genetic Male Sterility). This form of malesterility causes anthers not to develop, therefore no pollen areproduced. This has several advantages for the grower. First of all, theundeveloped anthers will decrease the chances for personnel to developallergic reactions to pollen. Secondly, a cost reduction can be madebecause bumblebees or other pollinators normally used to optimize fruitset are not necessary anymore, since fruits will set in the absence offertilisation.

Another high valued trait of parthenocarpy is that it stabilizes theproduction flow of pepper fruits. Normally, the production of peppers ischaracterized by periods with high production of fruits alternated withperiods with low production. This phenomenon in the pepper productionchain is called flushing. This cyclic behaviour leads to periods withhigh supply and low prices and periods with a low supply and highprices. Avoiding this irregular yield pattern in the pepper productionprocess and providing a more stable production of peppers is of greateconomic importance. The fluctuations in pepper production are mainlycaused by fluctuations in fruit set. The presence of several developingfruits set at approximately the same time inhibit the fruit set andgrowth of new fruits because of competition for resources and dominancedue to the production of plant growth regulators.

Furthermore, it is known that an increase in the number of seeds in apepper also increases the inhibitory effect of a fruit on set and growthof later developing fruits. Hence, the fluctuations in pepper productionwill be less by growing parthenocarpic fruits, which do not containseeds (Heuvelink and Korner; Annals of Botany 88: 69-74, 2001).

Fruit set normally depends on fertilisation. Fertilisation is theprocess in which both the egg cell and central cell contained within theovule are fused with a sperm cell delivered by the pollen tube. Thisso-called double fertilisation is the step which triggers a cascade ofevents leading to the formation of the embryo and endosperm and finallyto a mature seed. The developing seeds and surrounding tissues generatea signal which stimulates the outgrowth of the ovary and its developmentinto a fleshy fruit. Apparently fertilisation lifts a certaindevelopmental barrier which prevents fruit formation. This mechanismassures the fruit formation to be dependent on the formation of seedswhich makes sense given the biological role of fruits in seed dispersal.

However, the knowledge of the physiological and molecular events whichplay a role in the initial steps of fruit formation is fragmentary. Theinvolvement of the plant hormones auxin and gibberellin has beenextensively documented although their precise role remains elusive. Theapplication of either auxin or gibberellin to the unfertilised ovuleleads in many plant species including pepper to fruit formation. Infact, these hormones are applied in practice to improve fruit set whengreenhouse conditions are suboptimal. Although the application of auxinand gibberellin has some practical value it increases cost and it maylead to irregularities in fruit shape.

In addition to these exogenous effects, it is assumed that the hormonesauxin and gibberellin also play a role during fertilisation dependentfruit formation although it is not clear which tissues are the actualsource of these hormones. The hierarchy of these hormones as well as thedownstream regulatory network is still largely unknown. Other hormonessuch as cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene and brassinosteroid alsoseem to play a role in fruit formation.

Most pepper genotypes exhibit a certain level of parthenocarpy. However,these parthenocarpic fruits show negative pleiotropic effects, such as areduced fruit size, irregular and deformed shape of the fruit, andcarpelloid growth inside the fruit (Tiwari et al. BMC Plant Biology11:143, 2011). Carpelloid growth is the outgrowth of a pseudo-embryoinside a pepper fruit, which is a highly undesired effect for bothgrower and consumer. Parthenocarpic fruits showing negative pleiotropiceffects are called knots and are not to be considered as realparthenocarpic fruits.

Given the significant advantages of parthenocarpy for the production ofpepper fruits there is a strong need for a genetic source ofparthenocarpy in pepper which allows the formation of fruits in absenceof fertilisation, better known as parthenocarpic fruit formation, whichis preferably not linked to negative pleiotropic effects.

Citation or identification of any document in this application is not anadmission that such document is available as prior art to the presentinvention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is the object of the present invention to provide pepper plants whichshow fruit formation in the absence of fertilisation, without negativepleiotropic effects.

In the research leading to the present invention new pepper plants weredeveloped by mutagenic treatment, showing fruit formation in the absenceof fertilisation. It was surprisingly found that these plants formedparthenocarpic fruits having a size and shape similar to that of fruitsformed after fertilisation.

The present invention thus provides pepper plants, which may comprise agenetic determinant which causes parthenocarpic fruit formation whenhomozygously present, wherein said determinant is obtainable byintrogression from a plant grown from seed of which a representativesample was deposited with the NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 41678,NCIMB 41680, or NCIMB 41684.

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to not encompass withinthe invention any previously known product, process of making theproduct, or method of using the product such that Applicants reserve theright and hereby disclose a disclaimer of any previously known product,process, or method. It is further noted that the invention does notintend to encompass within the scope of the invention any product,process, or making of the product or method of using the product, whichdoes not meet the written description and enablement requirements of theUSPTO (35 U.S.C. §112, first paragraph) or the EPO (Article 83 of theEPC), such that Applicants reserve the right and hereby disclose adisclaimer of any previously described product, process of making theproduct, or method of using the product.

It is noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claimsand/or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises”, “comprised”, “comprising”and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law;e.g., they can mean “includes”, “included”, “including”, and the like;and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consistsessentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law,e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but excludeelements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novelcharacteristic of the invention.

These and other embodiments are disclosed or are obvious from andencompassed by, the following Detailed Description.

Deposits

The Deposits with NCIMB, under deposit accession number 41678, 41680 andNCIMB 41684 were made pursuant to the terms of the Budapest Treaty. Uponissuance of a patent, all restrictions upon the deposit will be removed,and the deposit is intended to meet the requirements of 37 CFR§§1.801-1.809. The deposit will be maintained in the depository for aperiod of 30 years, or 5 years after the last request, or for theeffective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replacedif necessary during that period.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description, given by way of example, but notintended to limit the invention solely to the specific embodimentsdescribed, may best be understood in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings.

FIG. 1: Appearance of harvested parthenocarpic pepper fruits, derivedfrom NCIMB deposit 41684.

FIG. 2: Transverse section of the harvested parthenocarpic pepperfruits, obtained from plants derived from NCIMB deposit 41684.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Parthenocarpic fruits are fruits formed in the absence of fertilisation.Parthenocarpic fruit are therefore seedless fruits.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention are at least 80% seedless as compared to fruits formedafter fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention are at least 90% seedless as compared to fruits formedafter fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention are at least 95% seedless as compared to fruits formedafter fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention are at least 99% seedless as compared to fruits formedafter fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention are 100% seedless as compared to fruits formed afterfertilisation.

The parthenocarpic fruits of the invention have an average lengthbetween about 87% and about 135%, preferably between about 90% and about128%, more preferably between about 93% and about 121%, even morepreferably between about 96% and about 107% and most preferably about100% of that of a seeded fruit of the same plant or a plant with asimilar or the same genetic background. The same genetic background inthis respect means originating from the same cross.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 87% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 90% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 93% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 96% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 100% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 107% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 114% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 121% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 128% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of at least about 135% as comparedto fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average length of about 150% as compared to fruitsformed after fertilisation.

The width of the parthenocarpic fruits of the invention suitably variesbetween about 90% and about 110% of the width of fruits formed afterfertilization. Preferably, the width varies between about 95% and about105%, more preferably the width is between about 99% and 101%, mostpreferably the width is the same as in seeded fruits, i.e. 100% ascompared to fruits formed after fertilization.

In one embodiment, the parthenocarpic fruits produced by the plants ofthe invention have an average width of at least about 90% as compared tofruits formed after fertilisation.

In another embodiment, the average width of fruits of the invention isat least about 95% of the fruits formed after fertilisation.

In another embodiment, the average width of fruits of the invention isat least about 99% of the fruits formed after fertilisation.

In a further embodiment, the average width of fruits of the invention isat least about 100% of the fruits formed after fertilisation.

In another embodiment, the average width of fruits of the invention isat least about 110% of the fruits formed after fertilisation.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a pepper plant, wherein thegenetic determinant leading to the parthenocarpic fruit formation of theinvention is introgressed from a plant grown from seed of which arepresentative sample was deposited with the NCIMB under accessionnumber NCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680, or NCIMB 41684.

It should be noted that if the selection criterion or criteria is or areclearly defined, the skilled person will be able to identify thedescendants that carry the trait that is the result of the geneticdeterminant of the invention in any further generation. For the trait ofthe invention descendants from a cross between a plant not carrying theparthenocarpic fruit formation trait and a plant carrying theparthenocarpic fruit formation trait of which representative seed wasdeposited under accession numbers NCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680, or NCIMB41684 that carry that trait may be found by growing F2 plants from seedsthat are the result from the initial cross and a selfing step,preventing pollination of the plants thus obtained and selecting plantsproducing fruits as plants showing parthenocarpic fruit formation.

In one embodiment, plants carrying the genetic determinant and thephenotypic trait of the invention are obtainable from the deposit by:

-   -   (a) growing plants from seeds of which a representative sample        was deposited under NCIMB numbers NCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680 or        NCIMB 41684;    -   (b) preventing pollination of the plants;    -   (c) selecting plants producing fruits as plants showing        parthenocarpic fruit formation.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a pepper plant, showing thetrait parthenocarpic fruit formation, which plant is obtainable by:

-   -   (a) growing plants from seed of which a representative sample        was deposited with the NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 41678,        NCIMB 41680 or NCIMB 41684;    -   (b) preventing pollination of the plants;    -   (c) selecting plants producing fruits as plants showing        parthenocarpic fruit formation;    -   (d) crossing a plant selected in step c) with a plant not        carrying the genetic determinant to obtain a F1 population;    -   (e) selfing plants from the F1 to obtain a F2 population; and    -   (f) repeating steps b) and c) to identify plants showing        parthenocarpic fruit formation.

Preventing pollination is suitably done by using a male sterile plant instep a).

Seeds of three representative pepper mutants were deposited on 19 Nov.2009 and 25 Nov. 2010 with NCIMB Ltd. (Ferguson Building, CraibstoneEstate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA). Table 1 shows the depositaccession numbers.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a pepper plant, wherein theparthenocarpic fruit formation trait is obtainable from the (hybrid)pepper plant selected from hybrid plants grown from seeds of which arepresentative sample was deposited with NCIMB as listed in Table 1.

The trait in all three events is transferred in a pattern consistentwith recessive inheritance, and selection for plants that carry thetrait and genetic determinant of the invention is thus suitably made inthe second generation (F2) after having selfed the F1.

In one embodiment, the invention further relates to a pepper plantshowing the trait parthenocarpic fruit formation caused by a geneticdeterminant, wherein when said plant is homozygous for said determinantand said plant homozygous for said determinant is crossed with a testerplant homozygous for the said determinant, plants of the firstgeneration progeny resulting from said cross show a 1:0 segregation forthe trait parthenocarpic fruit formation.

In one embodiment, when said plants of said first generation progeny areself-pollinated, plants of the resulting second generation progeny showa 1:0 segregation for the trait parthenocarpic fruit formation. In oneembodiment, the tester plant is a plant derived from any one of themutant lines of which a representative sample of seed was deposited withNCIMB as listed in Table 1 and showing the trait parthenocarpic fruitformation, or a progeny plant showing the said trait as is present inany one of the mutant lines listed in Table 1.

In one embodiment, the tester plant is a plant of any one of the mutantlines of which a representative sample was deposited with NCIMB aslisted in Table 1, or a progeny of said mutant lines showing the traitparthenocarpic fruit formation.

In one embodiment of the invention pollination is prevented byemasculating the flowers.

In another embodiment of the invention pollination is prevented by usinga pepper plant grown from seeds of which a representative sample wasdeposited under the accession numbers listed in Table 1, which is malesterile.

In one embodiment, the parthenocarpic fruits of a pepper of theinvention have a similar number of incidences of carpelloid outgrowthsas compared to fruits obtained after fertilisation of the same plant ora near isogenic control plant.

In one embodiment, the parthenocarpic fruits of a pepper of theinvention have less incidences of carpelloid outgrowths as compared tofruits obtained after fertilisation of the same plant or a near isogeniccontrol plant.

In one embodiment, the pepper plants of the invention and the fruitsthereof do essentially not show any negative pleiotropic effects. Thefruits are seedless and are in terms of their size, shape, andincidences of carpelloid outgrowths comparable to fruits obtained afterfertilization of the same plant or a near isogenic control plant.

In one embodiment, the phenotypic expression of the genetic trait of theinvention may comprise not only the formation of fruits in the absenceof fertilisation but also the formation of fruits that have a sizeand/or shape comparable to that of fruits formed after fertilisationand/or have similar incidences of carpelloid outgrowths. In oneembodiment, the combined expression of these phenotypic characteristicsis typical for the trait of the invention.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to the fruits produced by thepepper plants of the invention and parts thereof.

TABLE 1 Deposit accession numbers of parthenocarpic pepper mutants.Mutant number NCIMB Name (internal designation) number Capsicum annum09R. 6351-M NCIMB 41678 Capsicum annum 09R. 6367-M NCIMB 41680 Capsicumannum 09R. 6401-M NCIMB 41684

The mutants were deposited on 19 Nov. 2009 with NCIMB Ltd., FergusonBuilding, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA Scotland, UK.

The pepper plants according to the invention may grow the followingfruit types: a sweet pepper including a dolce-type pepper, a bellpepper, a big rectangular pepper, a conical pepper, a long conicalpepper or a blocky-type pepper.

The fruits of the pepper plants according to the invention at maturitymay be a green, yellow, orange, red, ivory, brown, or purple fruit.

In one embodiment, the pepper plant of the invention is a representativeof one of the following species: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum,Capsicum chacoense, Capsicum chinense, Capsicum frutescens, or anyhybrid combination thereof. These species are the most commonly usedbreeds and in addition may easily be crossed amongst each other, thusfacilitating obtaining a plant showing the parthenocarpic trait of theinvention.

The invention further relates to seed of the pepper plants of theinvention and to other parts of the plant that are suitable for sexualreproduction, i.e. propagation material. Such parts are for exampleselected from the group consisting of microspores, pollen, ovaries,ovules, embryo sacs and egg cells. The seeds carry the geneticdeterminant that causes the trait of parthenocarpic fruit formation,either in homozygous or heterozygous form.

In addition, the invention relates to parts of the plant that aresuitable for vegetative reproduction, in particular cuttings, roots,stems, cells, protoplasts, and tissue culture of the pepper plants ofthe invention. The tissue culture may comprise regenerable cells. Such atissue culture may be derived from leaves, pollen, embryos, cotyledon,hypocotyls, meristematic cells, roots, root tips, anthers, flowers,seeds and stems. The propagation material carries the geneticdeterminant that causes the trait of parthenocarpic fruit formation,either in homozygous or heterozygous form.

The invention also relates to progeny of the pepper plants of theinvention. Such progeny may be produced by sexual or vegetativereproduction of a plant of the invention or a progeny plant thereof. Theprogeny carries the genetic determinant that causes the trait ofparthenocarpic fruit formation, either in homozygous or heterozygousform. When the determinant is homozygously present, the progeny plantgrows fruits independent of fertilisation in the same or a similar wayas one of the plants, of which representative seed was deposited (Table1). This means that such progeny has the same characteristics as claimedfor the pepper plants of the invention. In addition to this, the plantmay be modified in one or more other characteristics. Such additionalmodifications are for example effected by mutagenesis or bytransformation with a transgene.

The invention, furthermore, relates to hybrid seed and to a method ofproducing hybrid seed which may comprise crossing a first parent plantwith a second parent plant and harvesting the resultant hybrid seed. Incase the trait is recessive, both parent plants need to be homozygousfor the parthenocarpy trait in order for the hybrid seed to carry thetrait of the invention. They need not necessarily be uniform for othertraits. Both parents thus carry the genetic determinant in homozygousform.

It is clear that a parent that provides the trait and geneticdeterminant of the invention is not necessarily a plant grown directlyfrom the deposited seeds. The parent may also be a progeny plant fromthe seed or a progeny plant from seeds that are identified to have or tohave acquired the genetic determinant causing the trait of the inventionby other means.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to pepper plants that carry thegenetic determinant causing the trait of the invention and havingacquired said genetic determinant by introduction of the geneticinformation that is responsible for the trait from a suitable source,either by conventional breeding, or genetic modification, in particularby cisgenesis or transgenesis. Cisgenesis is genetic modification ofplants with a natural gene, coding for an (agricultural) trait, from thecrop plant itself or from a sexually compatible donor plant.Transgenesis is genetic modification of a plant with a gene from anon-crossable species or a synthetic gene.

In one embodiment, the source from which the genetic information, inparticular the genetic determinant, is acquired is formed by plantsgrown from the deposited seeds or sexual or vegetative descendantsthereof.

The invention also relates to the germplasm of plants of the invention.The germplasm is constituted by all inherited characteristics of anorganism and according to the invention encompasses at least theparthenocarpy trait of the invention.

The invention further relates to cells of the pepper plants that showthe fruit formation in the absence of fertilisation. Each cell of suchpepper plants carries the genetic information, in particular the geneticdeterminant, that leads to phenotypic expression of said trait. The cellmay be an individual cell or be part of a pepper plant or pepper plantpart.

The invention also relates to the parthenocarpic pepper fruits that areproduced by the plants of the invention. In addition, the inventionrelates to parts of the pepper fruits and processed products producedfrom the pepper fruits.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for production of apepper plant which may comprise a genetic determinant which causesparthenocarpic fruit formation, which may comprise:

-   -   (a) crossing a plant which may comprise the genetic determinant        that leads to parthenocarpic fruit formation with another plant;    -   (b) selfing the resulting F1 to obtain an F2;    -   (c) selecting for resistant plants in the F2;    -   (d) optionally performing one or more additional rounds of        selfing or crossing, and subsequently selecting, for a plant        producing parthenocarpic fruits.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for production of apepper plant which may comprise a genetic determinant which causesparthenocarpic fruit formation, which may comprise:

-   -   (a) crossing a plant which may comprise the genetic determinant        that leads to parthenocarpic fruit formation with another plant;    -   (b) optionally backcrossing the resulting F1 with the preferred        parent;    -   (c) selecting for resistant plants in the F2;    -   (d) optionally performing one or more additional rounds of        selfing or crossing, and subsequently selecting, for a plant        producing parthenocarpic fruits.

The invention additionally provides a method of introducing a desiredtrait into a pepper plant that produces parthenocarpic fruits, which maycomprise:

-   -   (a) crossing a pepper plant which may comprise a genetic        determinant that causes the plant to produce parthenocarpic        fruits, representative seed of which plant were deposited with        the NCIMB under deposit number NCIMB NCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680,        or NCIMB 41684 with a second pepper plant that may comprise a        desired trait to produce F1 progeny;    -   (b) selecting F1 progeny that produces parthenocarpic fruits and        expresses the desired trait;    -   (c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with either parent, to        produce backcross progeny;    -   (d) selecting backcross progeny which may comprise the desired        trait and the parthenocarpic fruit formation; and    -   (e) optionally repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times in        succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross        progeny that may comprise the desired trait and produces        parthenocarpic fruits. The invention, of course, includes a        pepper plant produced by this method. The parthenocarpic fruit        formation is suitably caused by the genetic determinant that is        present in plants grown from the deposited seeds and leads in        these plants to parthenocarpic fruit formation.

In one embodiment selection for resistant plants is done in the F1.

In one embodiment selection for resistant plants is started in the F3 ora later generation.

In one embodiment the plant which may comprise the genetic determinantis a plant of an inbred line, a hybrid, a doubled haploid, or of asegregating population.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for the productionof a pepper plant producing parthenocarpic fruits by using a doubledhaploid generation technique to generate a doubled haploid line whichmay comprise the said trait and genetic determinant causing the trait.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing ahybrid pepper plant which may comprise crossing a first parent pepperplant with a second parent pepper plant and harvesting the resultanthybrid pepper seed, in which the first parent pepper plant and/or thesecond parent pepper plant produce parthenocarpic fruits as a result ofthe presence in their genome of the genetic determinant as found in thedeposited seeds.

The invention also relates to a method for the production of a pepperplant producing parthenocarpic fruits by using a seed that may comprisein its genome the genetic determinant that causes the parthenocarpicfruit formation and that is also found in the genome of the depositedseeds for growing the said pepper plant.

The invention also relates to a method for seed production which maycomprise growing plants from seeds of which a representative sample wasdeposited with the NCIMB under deposit number NCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680,or NCIMB 41684, allowing the plants to produce seeds, and harvestingthose seeds. Production of the seeds is suitably done by crossing orselfing.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for the productionof a pepper plant that produces parthenocarpic fruits according to theinvention by using tissue culture. The invention furthermore relates toa method for the production of a pepper plant that producesparthenocarpic fruits according to the invention by using vegetativereproduction.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for the productionof a pepper plant that produces parthenocarpic fruits according to theinvention by using a method for genetic modification to introduce theresistance into the pepper plant. Genetic modification may comprisetransgenic modification or transgenesis, using a gene from anon-crossable species or a synthetic gene, and cisgenic modification orcisgenesis, using a natural gene, coding for an (agricultural) trait,from the crop plant itself or from a sexually compatible donor plant.According to a further aspect of the invention the gene underlying theparthenocarpy trait of the invention as present in the deposited seedsis introduced by genetic modification in an acceptor plant.

The invention relates to a method for the production of a parthenocarpicpepper plant, wherein progeny or propagation material of a plant whichmay comprise the genetic determinant conferring said parthenocarpy traitis used as a source to introgress the parthenocarpy trait into anotherplant.

The invention also relates to the germplasm of plants of the invention.The germplasm is constituted by all inherited characteristics of anorganism and according to the invention encompasses at least theparthenocarpy trait of the invention. The germplasm may be used in abreeding program for the development of pepper plants that produceparthenocarpic fruits.

The invention also relates to a breeding method for the development ofpepper plants that produce parthenocarpic fruits wherein germplasm whichmay comprise a genetic determinant causing the production of fruits inthe absence of fertilization is used.

Representative seed of plants that are used as a parent or source in theabove described methods and that comprise the genetic determinant wasdeposited with the NCIMB under deposit number NCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680and NCIMB 41684.

A “seeded fruit” is a normal fruit containing seeds, which will only beformed after fertilisation of the female gamete has occurred.

A “knot” is a seedless fruit produced in the absence of fertilisation.Such a fruit typically has an aberrant appearance compared to a fruit ofthe same plant that has formed after fertilisation. A knot usually has alength of less than 84% of that of a normal fruit, containing seeds.Furthermore, the weight of a seedless knot is usually lower than that ofa fruit formed after fertilisation (Tiwari et al., Proc. XXVII IHC-S6High-Qual. Crop Prod. Under Protect. Cultiv., Acta Hort. 761, ISHS(2007)). Also a knot usually has more ribs when compared to a fruitformed after fertilisation. A knot usually does not have a marketablevalue.

A “parthenocarpic fruit” is formed in the absence of fertilisation.However, unlike a knot a parthenocarpic fruit does not have an aberrantappearance and resembles a seeded fruit.

“Parthenocarpy” is the formation of seedless fruits having a similarappearance as seeded fruits, in the absence of fertilisation. A plant isconsidered to have the genetic determinant that leads to the productionof parthenocarpic fruits according to the invention when at least one,preferably two, more preferably three, even more preferably four andmost preferably all of the following criteria are met:

-   -   (a) 10 randomly picked parthenocarpic fruits of two fruit sets        comply at least with the US standard classification class Fancy        (US Fancy);    -   (b) the 10 randomly picked parthenocarpic fruits have an average        length of at least about 90% of that of 10 randomly picked        seeded fruits of two fruit sets of a plant with the same genetic        background, preferably of the same plant;    -   (c) the 10 randomly picked parthenocarpic fruits have an average        width of at least about 90% of that of 10 randomly picked seeded        fruits of two fruit sets of a plant with the same genetic        background, preferably of the same plant;    -   (d) the 10 randomly picked parthenocarpic fruits show the same        or similar degree of uniformity as 10 randomly picked seeded        fruits of two fruit sets of a plant with a similar genetic        background, preferably of the same plant;    -   (e) the 10 randomly picked parthenocarpic fruits preferably show        a similar number of incidences of carpelloid outgrowths as 10        randomly picked seeded fruits of two fruit sets of a plant with        a similar genetic background, preferably of the same plant.

The grade “US Fancy” consists of mature sweet peppers of a specifiedcolor, which are firm, well shaped, and free from Blossom End Rot,crushed/broken, freezing, freezing injury, hail, insects, mechanical,sunscald, decay affecting calyxes and/or walls, decay affecting stems,and from injury caused by bruising, dirt, discoloration, disease,insects, pitting, scars, shrivelling, sunburn, or other means. At least90% of the peppers show any amount of the specified color.

“Uniformity” means having similar deviations in shape and size as thecomparison. This also means that when within the group of ten randomlypicked fruits some of the fruits are essentially different in shape orsize, the control group should have similar deviations.

“Introgression” as used in this application is intended to meanintroduction of a trait from a donor plant into a plant not carrying thegenetic determinant causing the trait (acceptor plant) by means ofconventional crossing and selection at least for the number ofgenerations needed to bestow the trait upon the acceptor plant ortransfer the genetic determinant to the genome of the acceptor plant.

“Progeny” as used in this application is intended to mean the first andall further descendants from a cross with a plant of the invention thatshows fruit formation in the absence of fertilisation. Progeny of theinvention are descendants of any cross with a plant of the inventionthat carries the trait that leads to fruit formation in the absence offertilisation and the genetic determinant causing the trait.

“Progeny” also encompasses plants that carry the genetic determinantthat when homozygously present causes the trait of parthenocarpic fruitformation of the invention and are obtained from other plants of theinvention by vegetative propagation or multiplication.

Progeny is not only the first but also all further generations as longas the parthenocarpy trait and/or the genetic determinant causing it areretained. Progeny typically has an ancestor that is a plant having theability to develop fruits independently from fertilisation as is foundin plants from seed as deposited. An ancestor is intended to encompassnot only the generation immediately prior to the plant but also multiplegenerations before that. More in particular, the ancestor is a plantfrom the deposited seed or a further generation descendent therefrom.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Genetic Modification of Pepper by Ethyl MethaneSulfonate (Ems)

Seeds of a hybrid red blocky pepper (RZ NO2.52) which are heterozygousfor the recessive trait of male sterility were treated with ems bysubmergence of approximately 10.000 seeds into an aerated solution of0.5% (w/v) ems during 24 hours at room temperature.

The treated seeds were germinated and the resulting plants were grown ina greenhouse to produce M2 seeds.

After maturation, M2 seeds were harvested and bulked in one pool. Theresulting pool of M2 seeds was used as starting material to identify theindividual M2 plants showing fruit formation in the absence offertilisation.

The efficacy of the genetic modification procedure was assessed bydetermining the occurrence of bleached plants, which is indicative forchlorophyll loss due to modifications in genes directly or indirectlyinvolved in the formation or accumulation of chlorophyll.

Example 2 Identification of Pepper Plants which have Obtained the Traitof Fruit Formation in the Absence of Fertilization

100.000 M2 pepper seeds were sown in soil and grown to small plantlets.Subsequently, approximately 86.000 plants were transferred to tunnelgreenhouses in which they were raised according to common peppercultivation practice. Approximately 12.000 plants were male sterile.

These plants were monitored on a regular basis in order to determinewhich mutants show fruit formation in the absence of fertilisation. Asfirst selection criteria were used the formation of fruits of a size andshape similar to that of normal seeded fruits of not mutated pepperplants of RZ 02-52. Subsequently, from the selected plants those wereselected which produced seedless fruits and which showed similar or lessincidences of carpelloid outgrowths as seeded fruits of the not mutatedplants of RZ 02-52. On the basis of these criteria three parthenocarpicmutants were selected as the best events.

Example 3 Heritability of the Parthenocarpy Trait

F1 seeds were produced by crossing the three selected parthenocarpicmutants with a line which was heterozygous for the recessive trait ofmale sterility. Per F1 population a total of 8 plants of which 4 weremale sterile were grown in the greenhouse according to common peppercultivation practice.

The male sterile plants of each population were monitored forparthenocarpic fruit formation. It was observed that none of the malesterile plants showed parthenocarpic fruit formation. The fertile F1plants were selfed in order to obtain an F2 population. The male sterileplants were again monitored for parthenocarpic fruit formation. It wasobserved that approximately 25% of the plants of the F2 populationsderived from the three selected mutants showed parthenocarpic fruitformation. In Tables 2 and 3, examples of selected parthenocarpic F2plants are given. Each deposit is an F3 batch of seeds coming from 4fertile (heterozygous for male sterility) F2 plants indicated in Tables2 and 3. The deposits are heterozygous for male sterility.

TABLE 2 Average Average Average length length length length compared tofruit set 1 fruit set 2 Set 1 + 2 seeded Accession (5 fruits) (5 fruits)(10 fruits) control 6350-3 F2 8.6 8.7 8.65 1.20 6351 6.8 7.6 7.2 1.00seeded 6366-3 F2 7.8 7.2 7.5 0.94 6367 8.4 7.5 7.95 1.00 seeded 6400-4F2 8.2 8.3 8.25 1.25 6401 seeded 6.6 6.6 6.6 1.00 Control 5.2 6.6 5.90.84 (knots) line A sterile Control 6.6 7.4 7.0 1.00 (seeded) line Afertile

TABLE 3 Average Average Average Width width fruit width fruit widthcompared to set 1 (5 set 2 (5 Set 1 + 2 seeded Accession fruits) fruits)(10 fruits) control 6350-3 F2 7.3 7.6 7.45 0.90 6351 8.6 8.0 8.2 1.00seeded 6366-3 F2 8.8 8.2 8.5 0.95 6367 9 8.9 8.95 1.00 Seeded 6400-4 F29 8.9 8.95 0.99 6401 seeded 8.8 9.3 8.95 1.00 Control 7.4 7.4 7.4 0.87(knots) line A sterile Control 8.3 8.8 8.55 1.00 (seeded) line A fertile

To confirm segregation of the trait parthenocarpic fruit formation F3populations for each event were checked. It was confirmed that in the F3population of mutants 09R.6351-M (NCIMB 41678) and 09R.6367-M (NCIMB41680) 4 out of 11 plants produced parthenocarpic fruits that have alength of at least 87% of the length of a seeded fruit and a width of atleast 90% of the width of a seeded fruit (shaded boxes). For mutant09R.6401-M (NCIMB 41684) this was 4 out of 12 plants (Table 4).

TABLE 4

“N.O.” means no observation made

This shows that the parthenocarpic trait identified by the method givenby this invention has a genetic basis. The trait in all three events istransferred in a pattern consistent with recessive inheritance.

Example 4 Transfer of the Parthenocarpic Fruit Formation Trait to OtherPepper Plants

To demonstrate that the parthenocarpic fruit formation trait of theinvention can be introduced into other pepper types as well, crosseswere made with various other pepper lines. In the F2, after havingselfed the F1 plant, about 25% of the plants were found which producedseedless fruits, from flowers in which pollination was prevented, whichare similar in appearance and other characteristics as compared tofruits grown from fertilized flowers of the same plant.

Example 5 Trait Analysis Test

In order to confirm which progeny plants of the three F2 populations asdescribed in example 3 have the parthenocarpic fruit formation trait ofthe invention the average length of at least 10 fruits of the first twofruit sets of each sterile progeny plant was determined (Table 2).

As a comparison the average length of 10 fruits per plant of the twofirst fruits sets of 4 fertile plants from the same genetic background(F2) was determined (Table 2). These are normal fruits containing seeds.

As a second comparison, the average lengths of ten seedless fruits fromthe first two fruit sets of at least 4 plants producing knots weredetermined and compared to seeded fruits from at least 4 plants with thesame genetic background. In this case the control (line A) was chosen insuch a way that it is a representative commercial blocky pepper linewith average fruit set under sterile conditions.

Progeny plants having seedless fruits with an average fruit length of atleast 87% or more compared to the average fruit length of the seededfruits of the control plant, are considered to be plants carrying thetrait of the invention. In table 2 measurements are shown of individualF2 plants from example 4 which exhibit the trait of the invention.

The invention is further described by the following numbered paragraphs:

1. A pepper plant comprising a genetic determinant which causesparthenocarpic fruit formation when homozygously present, wherein saiddeterminant is obtainable by introgression from a plant grown from seedthat was deposited with the NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 41678,NCIMB 41680, or NCIMB 41684.

2. A pepper plant of paragraph 1, wherein the genetic determinant isintrogressed from a plant grown from seed that was deposited with theNCIMB under accession number NCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680, or NCIMB 41684.

3. A pepper plant of paragraph 1 or 2, obtainable by:

-   -   a) growing plants from seed that was deposited with the NCIMB        under accession number NCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680, or NCIMB 41684;    -   b) preventing pollination of the plants;    -   c) selecting plants producing fruits as plants showing        parthenocarpic fruit formation;    -   d) crossing a plant selected in step c) with a plant not        carrying the genetic determinant to obtain a F1 population;    -   e) selfing plants from the F1 to obtain a F2 population; and    -   f) repeating steps b) and c) to identify plants showing        parthenocarpic fruit formation.

4. A pepper plant of paragraph 3, wherein pollination is prevented byemasculating the flowers.

5. A pepper plant of paragraph 3, wherein pollination is prevented byusing a pepper plant in step a) which is male sterile.

6. A pepper plant of any one of paragraphs 1-5, wherein theparthenocarpic fruits have a size and/or shape similar to that of fruitsformed after fertilisation.

7. Progeny of a pepper plant of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the progenyplant is capable of parthenocarpic fruit formation.

8. A pepper plant of any one of paragraphs 1-7, wherein the mature fruitof the plant is green, yellow, orange, red, ivory, brown, or purple.

9. A pepper plant of any one of paragraphs 1-7, wherein the mature fruitof the plant is either a sweet pepper including a dolce-type pepper, abell pepper, a big rectangular pepper, a conical pepper, a long conicalpepper or a blocky-type pepper.

10. A pepper plant of any one of paragraphs 1-7, wherein the pepperplant is a plant from the species Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum,Capsicum chacoense, Capsicum chinense, Capsicum frutescens.

11. A pepper plant of any one of paragraphs 1-9, wherein the pepperplant is a hybrid.

12. Seed capable of growing into the plant of any one of paragraphs1-11.

13. A parthenocarpic pepper fruit of a plant of any one of paragraphs1-11, or of a plant grown from a seed of paragraph 12.

14. Pepper fruit of paragraph 13, wherein the fruit is at least 90%seedless, preferably at least 95% seedless, more preferably at least 98%seedless, even more preferably at least 99% seedless, most preferably100% seedless.

15. Propagation material capable of growing into a plant of any ofparagraphs 1-11.

16. Propagation material derived from a plant of any of paragraphs 1-11,wherein the propagation material comprises the genetic determinant asdefined in paragraph 1.

17. Propagation material of paragraph 15 or 16, wherein the propagationmaterial is selected from the group consisting of microspores, pollen,ovaries, ovules, embryos, embryo sacs, egg cells, cuttings, roots, roottips, hypocotyls, cotyledons, stems, leaves, flowers, anthers, seeds,meristematic cells, protoplasts, and cells.

18. Tissue culture of propagation material of any one of paragraphs15-17.

19. Food product comprising a fruit or parts thereof of paragraph 13 or14, optionally in processed form.

Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the presentinvention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by theabove paragraphs is not to be limited to particular details set forth inthe above description as many apparent variations thereof are possiblewithout departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pepper plant comprising a genetic determinantwhich causes parthenocarpic fruit formation when homozygously present,wherein said determinant is obtainable by introgression from a plantgrown from seed that was deposited with the NCIMB under accession numberNCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680, or NCIMB
 41684. 2. The pepper plant as claimedin claim 1, wherein the genetic determinant is introgressed from a plantgrown from seed that was deposited with the NCIMB under accession numberNCIMB 41678, NCIMB 41680, or NCIMB
 41684. 3. The pepper plant as claimedin claim 1, obtainable by: a) growing plants from seed that wasdeposited with the NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 41678, NCIMB41680, or NCIMB 41684; b) preventing pollination of the plants; c)selecting plants producing fruits as plants showing parthenocarpic fruitformation; d) crossing a plant selected in step c) with a plant notcarrying the genetic determinant to obtain a F1 population; e) selfingplants from the F1 to obtain a F2 population; and f) repeating steps b)and c) to identify plants showing parthenocarpic fruit formation.
 4. Thepepper plant as claimed in claim 3, wherein pollination is prevented byemasculating the flowers.
 5. The pepper plant as claimed in claim 3,wherein pollination is prevented by using a pepper plant in step a)which is male sterile.
 6. The pepper plant as claimed claim 1, whereinthe parthenocarpic fruits have a size and/or shape similar to that offruits formed after fertilisation.
 7. A progeny of a pepper plant asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the progeny plant is capable ofparthenocarpic fruit formation.
 8. The pepper plant as claimed in claim1, wherein the mature fruit of the plant is green, yellow, orange, red,ivory, brown, or purple.
 9. The pepper plant as claimed in claim 1,wherein the mature fruit of the plant is either a sweet pepper includinga dolce-type pepper, a bell pepper, a big rectangular pepper, a conicalpepper, a long conical pepper or a blocky-type pepper.
 10. The pepperplant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pepper plant is a plant fromthe species Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum chacoense,Capsicum chinense, Capsicum frutescens.
 11. The pepper plant as claimedin claim 1, wherein the pepper plant is a hybrid.
 12. A seed capable ofgrowing into the plant as claimed in claim
 1. 13. A parthenocarpicpepper fruit of a plant as claimed in claim 1, or of a plant grown froma seed as claimed in claim
 12. 14. The pepper fruit as claimed in claim13, wherein the fruit is at least 90% seedless, preferably at least 95%seedless, more preferably at least 98% seedless, even more preferably atleast 99% seedless, most preferably 100% seedless.
 15. A propagationmaterial capable of growing into a plant as claimed in claim
 1. 16. Apropagation material derived from a plant as claimed in claim 1, whereinthe propagation material comprises the genetic determinant as defined inclaim
 1. 17. The propagation material as claimed in claim 15 or 16,wherein the propagation material is selected from the group consistingof microspores, pollen, ovaries, ovules, embryos, embryo sacs, eggcells, cuttings, roots, root tips, hypocotyls, cotyledons, stems,leaves, flowers, anthers, seeds, meristematic cells, protoplasts, andcells.
 18. A tissue culture of propagation material as claimed in claim15 or
 16. 19. A tissue culture of propagation material as claimed inclaim
 17. 20. A food product comprising a fruit or parts thereof asclaimed in claim 13, optionally in processed form.